home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- @0101 CHAP 3
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ NEGOTIATING THE PURCHASE OF A BUSINESS: │
- │ NON-COMPETE COVENANTS, PURCHASE PRICE, ETC. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- THE PURCHASE PRICE. Neither this program nor any book can
- tell you how much you should pay for the business you are
- about to buy. However, if you have done your homework pro-
- perly in investigating the business in question and talking
- to bankers, accountants and other people in that line of
- business about what the normal purchase price for a busi-
- ness of that size and type should be, you should have a rea-
- sonably good basis for determining if the purchase price
- is a reasonable one. For example, you may learn that small
- businesses of the type you are considering generally sell
- for about one and one-half times their annual gross sales
- in your market area. That could be VERY useful information
- if the seller is asking three times last year's gross
- sales.
-
- DISCLOSURE OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION. At an early stage in
- the negotiations, specify that you want access to tax re-
- turns, books of account, corporate minute books, and other
- financial records of the business, and make it clear that
- you have no interest in continuing the negotiations unless
- the buyer cooperates fully in this respect. Also, be sure
- that this condition is expressed in any kind of informal
- "memorandum of understanding" or letter agreement between
- you and the seller that is written up prior to the final
- contract of sale.
-
- COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE. In most states and for most kinds
- of businesses, it is possible to prevent the seller from
- competing against you for a reasonable period of time with-
- in specified geographic areas. (Your attorney will know
- what limits state law places on such a non-compete agree-
- ment.) This can be an extremely important provision to
- negotiate for from the outset, for many types of busines-
- ses, to prevent the seller from starting up a new business
- just down the street to compete with the one you are buying
- from him or her for good money.
-
- ALLOCATION OF PURCHASE PRICE. One very important item that
- is often omitted in business sale agreements, perhaps be-
- cause it is not absolutely necessary, is a provision in the
- agreement that spells out how the parties agree to allocate
- the purchase price between the various assets that are be-
- ing acquired. While this is now of somewhat lesser impor-
- tance for tax purposes than before the Tax Reform Act of
- 1986, it can still be quite important in certain situations.
-
- The '86 Act requires both the buyer and seller to abide by
- an allocation formula based on the fair market values of
- the cash, securities, and other assets such as land, im-
- provements, equipment, inventories, and intangible assets
- (such as patents, trademarks, etc.). Any excess of the
- purchase price over the sum of those values MUST be allo-
- cated to "goodwill" or "going concern" value, which is an
- intangible asset that, until 1993, could not be deducted,
- depreciated or amortized by you, the buyer.
-
- (NOTE RE 1993 TAX LEGISLATION: Since the passage of the
- Clinton tax package on August 10, 1993, intangibles such
- as "goodwill," "going concern value," are now amortizable,
- over 15 years, as well as covenants not to compete and
- many other intangible items acquired as part of a business,
- such as customer lists, knowhow, workforce in place, fran-
- chises, patents, trademarks and trade names, and government
- licenses and permits.)
-
- Since the IRS allocation formula is based on the fair mar-
- ket values of the various "real" assets, you obviously can-
- not get around the formula by agreeing with the seller in
- a purchase price allocation that a $5 supply of paper clips
- is worth $50,000, to avoid allocating excess purchase price
- to "goodwill."
-
- Remember, if there is a purchase price allocation in the
- sale agreement, to include a provision that says that both
- parties will report the transaction the same way for tax
- purposes, in accordance with the agreed purchase price al-
- location between assets.
-
- IMPORTANT: Note also that new tax regulations require, any
- time a business is bought or sold, that both buyer and sel-
- ler must file Form 8594 with the IRS reporting certain in-
- formation about the purchase price allocation. PENALTIES
- FOR FAILURE TO FILE THIS FORM CAN BE EXTREMELY LARGE! Need-
- less to say, the information on the two Forms 8594 that are
- filed by you and the seller should be identical, or you
- will both be inviting IRS audits.
-
-
-